INTERPRETATION OF THE ASCETIC IDEAL IN HINDU RELIGIOUS SOURCES

Abstract

This article analyzes the phenomenon of asceticism in Hinduism on the basis of ancient sacred texts. It examines the formation and development of the ascetic ideal in the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Sannyasa Upanishads, as well as epic and Puranic literature. The study highlights the role of asceticism in Hindu religious thought, its interpretation as a primary means of attaining moksha, and its close connection with the four aims of life (kama, artha, dharma, and moksha) and the system of the four ashramas. The article explores the content of the stages of brahmacharya, grihastha, vanaprastha, and sannyasa, and analyzes classifications of ascetics such as parivrajaka, bhikshu, yati, yogin, paramahamsa, turiyatita, and avadhuta on the basis of primary sources. Furthermore, key concepts central to ascetic practice tapas, yoga, and states of ecstasy are interpreted from religious and philosophical perspectives.